I came here. And, now, Bolt. It must also be said that IAAF officials are appropriately even-handed in their application of the rule. If it can take out Bolt, it can take out anyone. Now the question: is that a good thing? Three years ago, at the Olympic Games in Beijing, Bolt ran 9.

Two years ago, at the worlds in Berlin, he ran 9. This year, he has been running slower. No one expected a world record. Pretty much everyone, however, expected victory. Even Bolt, who before the race went through his by-now familiar showman's shtick. He pretended to fly down the lanes like an airplane. He smoothed his hair and scraggly beard to make himself look good for the cameras.

When he was introduced, he pointed left and right and shook his head no, as if to say, no way those guys are gonna win, then pointed down the track to suggest it was all him. He settled into the blocks, crossed himself like he usually does. At that point, Usain Bolt is all business. She has been trying to conserve energy and not push the pace.

Yet even when she's trying to hold back she's difficult to beat. Bolt used to be impossible to beat at major championships. But that was before he jumped the gun. Skip to main content Skip to navigation. Bolt eliminated from m final after false start. Best moments of the NYC Marathon. Why the 2, miles she'll run are only a footnote in this Guinness World Record bid.

Gymnast Lee says she was target of racist attack. Report gives China 'gold medal for repression'. Wheelchair tennis champion Taylor, 41, will retire. Athletes to discuss proposed pentathlon change.

Rivas runs th marathon, awaits world record. Korir, Cockram winners in 36th L. Handball: Women can wear shorts over bikini. Nisha Dahiya wins 65 kg gold a day after reports of her death. Wrestler's death causes Bronze medalist Nisha Dahiya to correct reports. It is being argued by some that Bolt was only responding to Blake's twitch, but was so focused on his race that he was oblivious to it.

I was feeling great through the rounds and was ready to run fast in the final. I worked very hard to get ready for this championships and things were looking good. Bolt confirmed that he will run in the heats of the m on Friday. I have a few days to refocus and get ready for the m. I have nothing to say right now. I need some time. Bolt will be back for the m heats on Friday.

Whether the "Lightning Bolt" can strike back and break the world record he set at the longer event in Berlin in — Rule Under the old regulations, one false start was permitted, from any of the field, before all athletes were warned that the next discretion would lead to immediate disqualification.

Prior to that, pre , disqualification occurred only after the same athlete false-started twice. Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? Start your Independent Premium subscription today.

There are lots of us responding to their emails and you may find some good tips from us, too. God Bless You. Maggie…my oldest son is lazy when it comes to stuff like that. That was one of my biggest mistakes was allowing him to be that way. My second son, on the other hand, is very motivated by money. He did all kinds of stuff for my father when he lived here.

Can I email you and perhaps you could resend the message to my personal email? She has a good idea there when she talks about how to avoid the snack while out syndrome and the grab fast food on the way home syndrome.. BEFORE I go grocery shopping I add the ingredients to make a couple of simple meals, for just such an occasion as night prompt me to get fast food. It helps to think of what you like in the quick fix dpt ahead of time, so that you are prepared.

JustMe, I hear you about the community. We live in a place where most people hire a company to do their lawns but my son has established his niche because he only mows when the lawn needs it not every week regardless of growth, like the companies do. He edges and sweeps up the clippings. He really does a good job and his customers appreciate his hard work. It does take a while to build up a client base but if you do a good job, they will keep coming back.

Hope you son has much success in whatever he tries in the future. To Just Me, You are so blessed to have a large family and have a work at home job. How bright your oldest son is to be learning to be a pharmacist! He must have a wonderful personality to be a salesman. As far as the car ramps are concerned, what would it have cost if he had the job done at a garage? And your second son, the go gitter, has he tried being a wait person.

There is always a demand for someone who is reliable. The third son could be such a help around the house, allowing you to take care of the little ones, be sure to pay him so he will have spending spending money so he can buy his clothes and school supplies.

This would be a good time to teach him how to save. The toddler will be a great little helper, entertaining the baby, bringing you a diaper. To just me, I had six children and was a stay at home mom.

There was never enough money. My advice would be to add up the have to pay expenses such as taxes and insurance, and try to live on what is left. Packing a lunch for hubby is a good start. Make you own cleaning supplies, cut out the junk food, turn off the lights, search the web for frugal ideas, shop with a list, buy the store brands, buy when things are on sale. Plan your meals as you make out your grocery list, allowing 3 to 4 ounces of protein per meal, fill in with veggies that are in season.

Write the menu at the bottom of the list, write the prices at the side and add up. If is more than the amount you want to spend, make changes. If it is less buy some emergency foods. This is hard to do at first, but hang in there, it will work out. What an inspiring chain of letters and responses! Jill and Tawra, I love to see people come together to help another person trying to learn budgeting. Your site allows people to connect and do just that! Has anyone seen any good ideas this summer for good buys on Christmas gifts?

Barb, you are so wise to start in advance. One year I did my shopping in November and charged everything. It took three months to pay off the credit card. At that time I had 30 people to buy for more now. Wrapping took forever.

The next year DH hours were cut from 40 hours to 24 hours a week but he kept his benefits. That was when I had to figure out where I could make cuts in our lifestyle to make up for the paycut. There was no way I could afford to buy all those gifts. We played a game with the gifts and had a great time trying to steal a special treasure gift. Now that our better off and can buy gifts the family wants to keep it the same.

Small cuts in spending adds up to big bucks. Yes Barb, God is good, all the time, God is good. Jill, Even though I am finally on the road to recovery in getting my credit cards paid off, I really enjoyed reading your information for JustMe.

I bring all my change home and put it in a jar. If I need to take the bus somewhere or buy extra milk one day, and it is too close to payday, I have these nickels and dimes to fall back on.

But, please keep posting so we can keep up with you. There are 3 of us in the household. I plan before I shop! I try to stock up with coupons.

I learned that the hard way when I first started using coupons. Maybe you can do a coupon trade with someone. I make the list of neccessities then find a coupon match. Then I go to Food for Less for food only, no household items. I recently bought cat treats at 7 cents per package, got free cans of cat food. I also get a lot of items for free with coupons. Last month I had approx 10 coupons for laundry deterdent. We were badly in need of new furniture, our older used set was literally falling apart.

I put a moderately priced sectional on layaway, I have at least days to pay it off. I also shop at online sites like the home shopping network. These Chicago winters get cold! I waited until these 2 goose down comforters went on clearance in May. I also use layaway whenever possible. I got those 2 additional discounts because I had a problem with customer service, so I emailed the corporate headquarters. That was totally unexpected, the agent was happy to get a positive letter for a change.

I also buy smaller plants for a fraction of the price. I sell many items on craigs list. People are looking for a good deal, so give them one! Sellers always think there precious things are worth more than they actually are. Getting a little money is better than getting nothing because you had to donate it or throw it away. One of the best kept secrets is I go to the beauty school. I frequent 2 different ones in my area that feature different services. Students want to do do a better job than any professional in a salon!

I also get a deeply discounted deep conditioner everytime I get a touch up. The scalp is scraped with a brush, the hair is washed then the Khlosteral a deep conditioner that has been used in salons for ages is massaged into your scalp. Dee These are super ideas, thank you! I also stock my pantry a little at a time, i. Another great place to get good quality discount items is from a catalog called The Lakeside Collection.

I have purchased things from this company for a number of years and have always been pleased with their items and their customer service. Now is the time to request their catalog. When we are at the beach, I start really listening to my kids and things they mention they need so I can start shopping the 1st of September. Thank you for all the suggestions, Marie. Over the years I have breastfed two babies while working sitting on my couch with a laptop and boppy pillow ; I plan on doing the same with my new little guy when he gets here, too.

He has done very well, I give him credit for that. Thank you, Maggie! I feel hope sliding back in now…just when I was about to give up! God bless you, as well!! Thank you so very much for taking the time to post it!

I like the envelope idea. The misc items add up fast! Due to my lack of planning, I would stop for breakfast sometimes at a fast food place on the way to work, or I would go out to the food truck.

I eliminated all of this extra spending. I got a great deal on a newspaper subscription. That is a substantial savings right there. I plan better when grocery shopping. Now, the night before, when I oack my lunch, I also make my breakfast bag. I pack a yougert, banana, nutra grain bar, fruit, or a bagel. I always bring my lunch to work, everyday, I have for years.

I also changed how I was buying meat at the grocery store. I thought it would be ok as long as it was in the freezer, but I was wrong, it had gone bad. Good advice Dee. I am not a big fan of stocking a freezer full of things unless you have an extra large family or in special cases like you live far from town and things like that. Add to that the cost of running that freezer to store a bunch a food of which you will throw a good portion of it out to me just seems a waste.

Kate I know exactly what you are talking about. Most of my adult life I have had my own business and understand the feeling of feast or famine. It is frustrating because most financial advice seems to be geared around a regular set income and that is why most budget plans never worked for me but here are a couple of tips I learned and some of them the hard way. It is the same type of thing many people do when they get their tax return.

I know that is hard to do but it is a goal to aim for. Had help with groceries this month and have some new ideas for gift basket fillers. Don is known as the go to guy at work for making small fixes to rifles and guns. So a few days ago one guy called and asked him to take a look at his brand new rifle which was not firing right. When the guy asked what he owed him Don said a favour at some time down the road.

Well the guy said he would drop off some fresh cod fillets. He just got back from visiting family in Newfoundland and brought back a lot of cod. So great we will be getting cod for a couple of meals at no cost. Another friend of mine runs a chip wagon and she had a few 50lb bags of potatoes left. Her husband dropped a bag off for us. So a couple meals of fish and chips which we love for no charge. Only problem is except for those 2 meals as a treat we have gone low or no carbs.

What do I do with 50 lbs of potatoes. Well gave about 20 lbs to a couple people with kids and one to a friend who is struggling to make ends meet. Now comes the creative part for gift baskets.

I am going to can about 12 pint jars and add it to the gift baskets I am giving at christmas. Some will be plain potatoes and some will have carrots and onions in them and they can be part of a meal on a busy night or added into stewing meat to stretch the meat further.

Utility turkeys were on sale for. Now I have turkey to make soup stock to can, vegetable turkey soup to can and I am going to try canning one of them raw. All of these will go on my pantry shelf and some will be set aside for gift baskets. Since I already have all the equipment for pressure canning dehydrating the only real cost is going to be the jars and the ingredients which I am getting at really good prices due to the season.

I am dehydrating just about anything I find on sale and have a couple quarts of different apples, 2 types of pears as well as a few mango and kiwi done. These are experiments that have turned out so well they will go into baskets. I have roasted garlic dehydrated it and then ground it into powder and have roasted garlic powder and salt to give as gifts.

I love canning and cooking but with just 2 people in the family now we would never eat all the things I have in the basement and since most of the people I know do not know how to do this I think they will enjoy my efforts. A few special friends are going to get a jar of my green tomatoe mince meat for pies.

Not many since it is so good Don is eating a jar out of every batch. So this is my christmas on a budget this year. The comments about the freezer are so appropriate for me today. Hubby and I had a conversation about just that yesterday. He wondering what is in the upstairs freezer that is packed so full and now I am wondering, too.

I told him it was mostly bread items to make bread pudding which quickly fills a small over the fridge freezer but I know there are things in there that have not been seen in months.

It is overflowing and I keep buying meat for the week without knowing what is in there. In the basement freezer, I have that pretty well organized but no beef just chicken and more chicken and even more chicken. I am so sick of chicken so yesterday on the way home from work bought a steak. Because I am just recovering from a hospital stay, even that was not too appealing. So, I am beginning to think that I will shop for meat like Dee does. Weekly and use it up by the end of the week.

And with the two of us just gettng older and eating less, there is no reason to stock up like I used to. Food for thought no pun intended. One more thing. So, will just purchase them this winter and make do until I am better. Was talking to my mom yesterday and said we were supposed to get snow tomorrow. She says her memory is quite good enough to remember it without the real thing to remind her. If it snowed in Bradenton beach she would just sit down and cry. So please be kind to the old soul.

Jill, I want to start by saying thank you for coming up with this website. My spouse and I have been through a rough long few years. However, we are finding ourselves back in the same boat we were in before we decided to move to CA. In September my spouse and I left our home state and moved to CA.

Push yourself to spend better and save more—but be realistic when you set up every single budget line. But you can have a monthlong challenge to skip restaurant spending and put that money toward your current money goal instead. Set up automatic bank drafts so some of your bills and savings are paid straight out of your paycheck. Beat drive-thru temptations that bust your restaurant budget, and keep the money-grabbing munchies at bay.

Do this by planning your meals—breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks! Then make a grocery list—and stick to that list! Meal planning saves you from going overboard on your grocery and restaurant budget lines. You may want to break some of your budget lines into weekly portions to help you spread out your spending. Budget for it. You get the idea. Yes, emergencies and surprises pop up that can rock your budget. Go ahead and copy everything over from the previous month, then make tweaks to just the budget lines that will be affected by anything coming up.

And to be honest, sometimes you do have to say no. Some of them are lying. Some are in debt up to their designer sunglasses. And a few really do have their lives together. Work hard defending your budget—saying no or not now when you need to—because being true to yourself, your budget and your money goals is more valuable than anything you could ever buy.

Guess what. Use your real money —your cash or debit card. I love budgeting and look forward to doing it every day, but I know I am in a very weird minority. For everyone who is not thrilled by the idea of sitting down with a budgeting spreadsheet each day, try pairing it with something fun. Take yourself on a walk or go to a favorite bookstore when your weekly budgeting duties are complete.

You put cash in an envelope weekly or monthly for certain spending categories like clothing, food, etc. No borrowing here and there. No cash advance for the next week or month. Shop My Bag. Banking Budgeting Deals Emergency Fund.

Compare Savings Accounts. Financial Planning Real Estate Retirement. So keep it fun. Gamify the process and reward yourself when you stick to your budget. It will change the way you think about budgeting, from a chore to an activity you can enjoy. Stop paying account fees. Send us a note and let us help you build a plan to reach your financial goals. Credit Cards. Holiday Hours. All rights reserved. Menu Close. I want to Loans Mortgages. See current mortgage rates Find the right mortgage Talk to a loan specialist Find the right credit card.

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Business Credit Cards. Skip to main content. Keeping a budget is not easy. Never spend more than you have Getting into debt can be a vicious cycle that is tough to get out of. Stick to a lower credit card limit Credit cards with high limits are easy to rack up and hard to pay down. Budget to zero Budgeting to zero means that when you create your budget, your income minus your expenses add up to zero.

Try a no-spend challenge This is sometimes referred to as a spending freeze, a spending fast or a zero spend challenge.

Irritation of the lungs can cause inflammation, thickening of the tissue in the lungs and permanent lung scarring -- which can lead to even more serious consequences such as pneumonia or a collapsed lung. Cinnamon is a healthy addition to your diet when it's added to foods rather than swallowed dry. Obviously, you should skip the cinnamon challenge, but do keep the spice as part of your healthy eating plan.

Use cinnamon in homemade bread and muffin recipes or sprinkle it over a bowl of oatmeal or other cooked grains such as farina or quinoa. Simmer cinnamon with skim milk and ginger for a tasty drink or soak a cinnamon stick in a mug of hot tea to boost the flavor. Think outside the box and add ground cinnamon to beans or sprinkle a small amount over cooked protein such as chicken or fish. Sara Ipatenco has taught writing, health and nutrition. She started writing in and has been published in Teaching Tolerance magazine.

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Community Health Needs Assessment. Why Is the Cinnamon Challenge Dangerous? Health Library Search. Contact Us. Do you remember smelling formaldehyde in your high school biology class when dissecting some dead animal? That's what cinnamaldehyde can do in high concentrations. Okay, I'm being overly dramatic here. It's 3, next, that's the biggest health problem. Cinnamon is ground tree bark. So not only are you inhaling a tissue fixative, you're also inhaling powdered bark.

That's why it's difficult to spit out or, more importantly, get out of your lungs. The cellulose matrix of tree bark acts like a sustained release medicine, but in this case releasing a painful and damaging chemical. The body cannot metabolize cellulose. That's probably okay for the stuff that's swallowed. It'll only burn tomorrow morning at potty time. But the stuff in the lungs is hard to expire. In my grandfather's day, inhaling coal dust led to a condition called black lung.

In my father's day, people would get a lung cancer called mesothelioma from inhaling asbestos fibers. In , a paper in the British Journal of Industrial Medicine detailed the lung disease and hair and weight loss in Sri Lankan spice workers who process cinnamon quills.

Only doing it once can trigger an asthma attack. Doing it once won't cause any of these chronic illnesses -- probably. This paper in the Indian Journal of Medical Research shows that rats given a single intratracheal dose of cinnamon powder can develop severe lung damage a month later.

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If these were tiles on the floor they would fit together with no gaps, and be flat on the floor no bumps. Triangles tesselate on a flat plane. Similarly, we can do the same with squares. A pentagon can be divided into three triangles. Three regular pentagons is too small, four regular pentagons too large. There is no Goldilocks integer number of regular pentagons to make a perfect tessellation.

For hexagons, these tesselate. Just like pentagon example above, a regular n-sided polygon can be broken up into triangles. For an n-sided shape, it can be broken up into n-2 triangles. For a shape to tessllate, the internal angle has to be a factor of Only the triangle, square, and hexagon fit this criterion. Here's a more formal proof. Before continuing, try the Quadrilateral Tessellation Exploration.

Taking a little more care with the argument, we have:. The point of all the letters is that the angles of the triangles make the angles of the quadrilateral, which would not work if the quadrilateral was divided as shown on the right. Begin with an arbitrary quadrilateral ABCD. The angles around each vertex are exactly the four angles of the original quadrilateral.

Recall from Fundamental Concepts that a convex shape has no dents. All triangles are convex, but there are non-convex quadrilaterals. The technique for tessellating with quadrilaterals works just as well for non-convex quadrilaterals:.

It is worth noting that the general quadrilateral tessellation results in a wallpaper pattern with p2 symmetry group. Every shape of triangle can be used to tessellate the plane. Every shape of quadrilateral can be used to tessellate the plane. In both cases, the angle sum of the shape plays a key role. The next simplest shape after the three and four sided polygon is the five sided polygon: the pentagon. Rather than repeat the angle sum calculation for every possible number of sides, we look for a pattern.

In fact, there are pentagons which do not tessellate the plane. Attempting to fit regular polygons together leads to one of the two pictures below:. Both situations have wedge shaped gaps that are too narrow to fit another regular pentagon. Thus, not every pentagon tessellates. On the other hand, some pentagons do tessellate, for example this house shaped pentagon:. The house pentagon has two right angles. Thus, some pentagons tessellate and some do not.

The situation is the same for hexagons, but for polygons with more than six sides there is the following:. This remarkable fact is difficult to prove, but just within the scope of this book. However, the proof must wait until we develop a counting formula called the Euler characteristic, which will arise in our chapter on Non-Euclidean Geometry. Nobody has seriously attempted to classify non-convex polygons which tessellate, because the list is quite likely to be too long and messy to describe by hand.

However, there has been quite a lot of work towards classifying convex polygons which tessellate. Because we understand triangles and quadrilaterals, and know that above six sides there is no hope, the classification of convex polygons which tessellate comes down to two questions:.

Question 2 was completely answered in by K. Reinhardt also addressed Question 1 and gave five types of pentagon which tessellate. In , R. A regular pentagon is a geometric object that is a plane figure with straight lines. It is a regular polygon with five sides. Shapes tessellate to fit around an interior angle.

They also tessellate because they are regular polygons; non-regular polygons cannot tessellate. All triangles and quadrilaterals will tessellate, whether regular or irregular. Contrary to the above answer, a regular pentagon will not tessellate but there are 14 different irregular pentagons which will tessellate the last was discovered in Three convex hexagons will do so as well.

No polygon of 7 or more sides will tessellate - whether they are regular contrary to the above answer or irregular. A regular octagon will not tessellate but an irregular one can. Log in. Study now. See Answer. Best Answer. Study guides. Science 20 cards. Is glucose solution a homogenous mixture.

Who were scalawags and carpetbaggers. What other ocean floor feature is formed by movement of earths plates. Properties that describe the appearance of matter are known as what properties. Math and Arithmetic 20 cards. The length of a rectangular floor is 2 feet more than its width The area of the floor is square feet Kim wants to use a rug in the middle of the room and leave a 2 foot border of the floor visib.

The perimeter of a rectangle is 18 feet and the area of the rectangle is 20 square feet what is the width of the rectangle. The sum of two numbers is 19 and their product is 78 What is the larger number. A rectangular garden has a perimeter of 48 cm and an area of sq cm What is the width of this garden. Nouns 20 cards. What is the abstract noun for admire. What is the noun for add. What are the comparative and superlative words of little. Q: Why does a regular pentagon not tessellate the plane?

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The flowers that grow on potato plants are small and sometimes form in clusters. These flowers are very similar to the flowers that tomatoes grow from, except that they come in various colors.

Potato flowers can be found in white, pink, or lavender. Color is determined by the variety of potatoes you are growing where certain varieties have specific colors. There is no proven reason that supports removing potato flowers from the plants once they grow. Many gardeners remove them in hopes that energy from the flower is routed towards the growth of the potatoes, but there is no evidence to support this.

One reason you may want to consider removing potato flowers is if you have kids or animals that you worry could get into the plant. To remove flowers, you can simply pinch them off from the base with your fingers. Cutting too much off the overall plant can result in poor yield or smaller potatoes once it comes time to harvest.

In some cases, your potato flowers may never bloom. In unusually warm seasons or in warmer climates, the flowers may only last for a few days, falling off before they even get a chance to bloom and be pollinated.

Since the flowers and fruit have no direct influence on the tubers, it is okay if they fall off right away or never even show up in the first place. Potato flower blooms are generally brought on by cool and wet weather, particularly in early summer. For this reason, certain growing zones are more prone to seeing potato flowers than other warmer growing zones. If you live in zones five through eight, you will likely see potato flowers and the fruit that forms from these flowers.

Regardless of the growing zone or whether or not your plants form flowers, your potato yield should be unaffected. In some cases, you can use the potato flowers to judge when your potatoes are going to be ready for harvest.

As a general rule, potatoes are ready to harvest approximately two to three weeks after the plants flower. Different potato varieties will grow at different speeds, and the flowers are heavily dependent on climate and weather, so consider checking your potatoes by hand before harvesting to ensure they are truly ready.

When should I cut back and harvest the potatoes. Thank you. Thank you for your question to eXtension. Thanks for your response. I am confused by the first part where you say the fruit produced would be poisonous. Are you saying potatoes on the plants that did not bloom cannot be eaten? I apologize for not being clear. I hope this clears up the confusion! Potato plants also require water for blooming, and fail to bloom if they're not getting enough moisture.

Ed Hume Seeds suggests consistent weekly waterings of at least 2 inches of water, particularly during blooming. Share this article. Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes. That is actually a pretty straight-forward proposition, regardless of flowering or not. Improve this answer. Sign up or log in Sign up using Google. Sign up using Facebook. Sign up using Email and Password. Post as a guest Name. Email Required, but never shown. Featured on Meta.

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Workshops and conferences encouraged people to use the knowledge of the periodic table to solve problems in health, technology, agriculture, environment and education. Publication houses organized monthly activities such as quiz contests, podcasts, personal story sections and industry site tours. These initiatives demonstrated how the elements are integral to our daily lives in medicines, pesticides and lithium batteries.

Deboleena M. Guharay earned her Ph. She is very enthusiastic and passionate about science communication. A new study identifies a modified version of adipokine as a possible therapeutic intervention for Type 2 diabetes. In this technique, an enzyme is fused to a protein of interest and exogenously introduced into cells. Blocking steroid hormone synthesis blocks cancer. Focusing on this phospholipid in both cellular models and a clinical trial has shown promise in improving the molecular and clinical effects of TAFAZZIN deficiency.

These small green organelles and their relatives are involved in a broad range of other tasks, from manufacturing nutrients and signaling stress to fostering plant immunity. By Deboleena M. Dmitri Mendeleev. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Share Flipboard Email. Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.

Chemistry Expert. Helmenstine holds a Ph. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. Facebook Facebook Twitter Twitter. Updated February 03, Scientists, moreover, realized that atoms have structures, made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons; those structures can fall apart or get bigger. These developments fundamentally changed our relationship to matter. Discovering an element used to be like finding Dr.

Livingstone in East Africa: you knew he was there somewhere. Now the line between discovering and creating blurred.

Elements made in the lab might exist nowhere else. The modern element-hunting era began in the nineteen-thirties, when the physicist Ernest Lawrence directed scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, to develop a series of devices, called cyclotrons, that use electricity to blast protons into foil targets installed inside metal chambers.

Researchers soon found that some of the supercharged nuclear particles would glom on to the atoms in the targets and create bigger, heavier elements. The particles were infinitesimally small and their chances of collision were negligible. Like all elements first born in cyclotrons, technetium was radioactive. Lawrence won a Nobel Prize for his invention in ; that same year, Einstein told President Roosevelt to get working on a nuclear weapon.

Such bombs, when they detonated, further filled out the periodic table. Starting in , the United States blew up hydrogen bombs around the Marshall Islands. Researchers then sent F fighter pilots flying into the explosions. Later, in a Berkeley laboratory, the physicist Glenn Seaborg and his colleagues detected two hundred atoms of what would become element No. It took years of wrangling to declassify their discovery, but the Berkeley scientists publicly described the element in Even in laboratory settings, the hunt for new elements could be dangerous.

In , Al Ghiorso, a Berkeley physicist with nerves of steel—he was known to fill tennis balls with radioactive material and bat them around—was looking for element No. And yet, for his trouble, Ghiorso may not have been the first to discover the element. A Swedish team, using rudimentary equipment, claimed to have found it first; they wanted to call it nobelium, after the Swedish inventor of dynamite. Soviet scientists, meanwhile, questioned the results coming from both Stockholm and Berkeley.

The naming of elements No. By , there were at least two major variations on the periodic table. Americans named element No. As the transfermium wars continued, an irony emerged: atomic researchers were chasing immortality through the discovery of elements that quickly blinked out of existence. Scientists in the United States and the Soviet Union began trying to figure out how to make them last longer.

Experimenting with elements created by the Manhattan Project, researchers realized that they could create two different versions, or isotopes, of promethium, the sixty-first atom on the periodic table. One promethium isotope, with eighty-eight neutrons, has a half-life of a few days; the other, with eighty-six neutrons, has a half-life of a few years. Yamazaki, T. Helium nuclei in quenched lattice QCD. D 81 , Wiebke, J. Melting at high pressure: can first-principles computational chemistry challenge diamond-anvil cell experiments?

Bartlett, R. Coupled-cluster theory in quantum chemistry. Coester, F. Short-range correlations in nuclear wave functions. Correlation problems in atomic and molecular systems III. A biography of the coupled cluster method. B 17 , — Kowalski, K. Coupled cluster calculations of ground and excited states of nuclei. Hagen, G. Coupled-cluster theory for three-body Hamiltonians. C 76 , Van Dyck, R. Jr, Zafonte, S. Piecuch, P. Kane, J. Lifetimes of the first excited states of F 17 and O Gour, J.

Coupled-cluster calculations for valence systems around 16 O. C 74 , Cottingham, W. Nuclear ground-state masses and deformations. Data Tables 59 , — Moller, P. Stability of heavy and superheavy elements. Sadhukhan, J. Pairing-induced speedup of nuclear spontaneous fission. C 90 , Bender, M. Self-consistent mean-field models for nuclear structure. Rowe, D. Fundamentals of Nuclear Models World Scientific, Zagrebaev, V.

Cross sections for the production of superheavy nuclei. Oganessian, Y. Voyage to superheavy island. Nuclear masses and deformations. Shape coexistence and triaxiality in the superheavy nuclei. Matheson, Z. C 99 , Shell structure of the superheavy elements. Kruppa, A. Shell corrections of superheavy nuclei in self-consistent calculations. C 61 , Experiment on the synthesis of element in the reaction Bi 70 Zn, n Synthesis of the heaviest nuclei in cold fusion reactions.

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Gil, P. The St Andrews Periodic Table. The periodic table: tortuous path to man-made elements. News 57 , 46—52 Haba, H. A new period in superheavy-element hunting. Johnson, J. Populating the periodic table: nucleosynthesis of the elements.

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Annalen Chem. The priority conflict between Mendeleev and Meyer. Kuhn, N. Lothar Meyer-eine Wiederentdeckung. Boeck, G. Das Periodensystem der Elemente und Lothar Meyer. Unserer Zeit 53 , — Relativistic and electron-correlation contributions in atomic and molecular properties: benchmark calculations on Au and Au 2. Relativistic effects in properties of gold. Theoretical chemistry of gold. Glantschnig, K. Relativistic effects on the linear optical properties of Au, Pt, Pb and W. New J. Gold goes nano - from small clusters to low-dimensional assemblies.

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This paper is dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague Prof. Werner Kutzelnigg, who recently passed away. We thank W. Nazarewicz and B. Sherrill Michigan State , M. Wiescher Notre Dame , W. Schwarz Siegen , Y. Oganessian Dubna , G. Boeck Rostock , R. Eichler Bern , L. Szentpaly Stuttgart for interesting and stimulating discussions.

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An internal audit is a 1st party audit. ISO encourages and requires this type of audit so that an organization can get feedback quickly from those who know the company best. However, this audit process cannot be viewed as impartial. Therefore, 2nd party audits allow for a consumer to evaluate the performance on an organization. As an alternative to a 2nd party audit, many companies choose to become certified with ISO through a 3rd party audit.

In this case, an independent certification body comes into an organization and evaluates it in terms of the ISO guidelines. If an organization meets the requirements of the standard, it becomes certified in ISO and carries a seal of quality recognized throughout the world. The importance of ISO is the importance of quality. Many companies offer products and services, but it is those companies who put out the best products and services efficiently that succeed.

With ISO , an organization can identify the root of the problem, and therefore find a solution. By improving efficiency, profit can be maximized. As a broad range of companies implement the ISO standards, a supply chain with integrity is created. Each company that participates in the process of developing, manufacturing, and marketing a product knows that it is part of an internationally known, reliable system.

Not only do businesses recognize the importance of the ISO , but also the customer realizes the importance of quality. And because the consumer is most important to a company, ISO makes the customer its focus.

As stated before, the customer is the primary focus of a business. By understanding and responding to the needs of customers, an organization can correctly targeting key demographics and therefore increase revenue by delivering the products and services that the customer is looking for.

With knowledge of customer needs, resources can be allocated appropriately and efficiently. And customer loyalty is return business. A team of good leaders will establish unity and direction quickly in a business environment. Their goal is to motivate everyone working on the project, and successful leaders will minimize miscommunication within and between departments.

Their role is intimately intertwined with the next ISO principle. The inclusion of everyone on a business team is critical to its success. Involvement of substance will lead to a personal investment in a project and in turn create motivated, committed workers.

These people will tend towards innovation and creativity, and utilize their full abilities to complete a project. If people have a vested interest in performance, they will be eager to participate in the continual improvement that ISO facilitates. The best results are achieved when activities and resources are managed together. For more information on ISO registration, small business owners can contact several different organizations, including the American Society for Quality and American National Standards Institute.

Buttle, Francis. July Johnson, P. McGraw-Hill, Kanji, G. February May-June Meyer, Harvey R. March Rabbit, J. Quality Resources, Rayner, P. Simmons, Bret L. Fall Van der Wiele, Tom, et al. In reality, this should be occurring on a routine basis in order for the company to utilize past performance to more accurately estimate future projects.

The first step is creating and documenting policies to satisfy each of the standard requirements by developing a quality manual.

The manual should describe the quality policy statement, organization, responsibilities and policies for each element of the organization. A well-written manual should act as an advertisement for the quality of the products or services of the company. The second step is to document system procedures. This describes the purpose and scope of an activity including what will be done, by who, when, where and how.

Further descriptions may include the equipment and documentation required and how it shall be controlled. The third step includes identifying the word instructions, specific procedures, forms, records, inspections, test plans and quality plans. Adequate documentation is essential for contractors — as turnover can be high and several people may perform the same tasks. With power documentation and ISO certification, a company can be assured that procedures will be followed in accordance to specific requirements whether your employees are new or have worked for you in the same job for years.

A third-party assessment is performed by an accredited ISO representative or independent registrar. The ISO goal is not to tell you how to do your business, but to ensure that a consistent and well-documented process is in place. In addition, you will likely incur consulting costs. The certification is valid for three years and can be renewed. Certainly, the time and effort incurred during the initial certification process will not be repeated during the renewal stage.

ISO is the series and the introductory standard which covers the fundamentals of what a quality management system should actually be like as well as defines vocabulary and describes the seven quality management principles of ISO Following are the documents in the current series:.

Every business has the primary motive to focus on the customers first. By knowing and reverting what the customer really wants, any organization can reach to the place where it has dreamt of from so long but along with the specific techniques. It is the demographic key for an organization to increase revenue by delivering the products and services for which the customer is seeking.

Plenty of knowledge about customer needs leads to more allocation of resources appropriately and efficiently. Most of the above, the dedication of the business can be easily recognized by the customer that further raise customer loyalty. And customer loyalty is the starting of return business. An ideal business environment basically has two things: 1 Unity 2 Right direction. The ultimate aim is to motivate the team working on a project on one hand and on another hand the successful leaders would reduce miscommunication within and between departments.

Integration is very crucial for a business team to success. Often involvement of substance will lead to a personal investment in a project, in turn, create motivate and committed workers. These dedicated workers tend to innovation and high creativity with full utilization of their abilities to complete the given task.

When people vested interest in performance then they will become eager to participate more in the continual improvement that ISO facilitates. A process approach to quality management The results reach to its best when operations and resources are managed together.

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Whichever statistic you use, use the total value before any deductions, such as taxes. Then, you determine what multiple M of this statistic the company might sell for.

For this, it's helpful to research what multiples similar companies currently sell for. Then, you multiply the two together. The equation looks like this:. Example: An investor is calculating the terminal value of Titanium Manufacturing with the exit multiple method. Other companies have sold for an average of ten times their yearly sales. Here's how the investor calculates the terminal value of Titanium Manufacturing:. Calculating the terminal value of a business or investment offers many benefits when considering your future and current investments or making business decisions.

These benefits include:. When making business decisions, it's helpful to have some projection of what the future of the company might be. An estimate of the company's future cash flow can help you estimate financial risk, evaluate what decisions the organization can afford to make and how those decisions might affect the future value of the company. Using terminal value to estimate future cash flow and value can help you predict the effects one decision might have on the company. When considering current and potential investments, it's helpful to understand the value of those investments.

Since most investors hope to make a profit on their investments, projecting the future value of a company can help determine if the current value of an investment is worthwhile. The terminal value calculation can also help you encourage investors in your company by showing the value their investment might have in the future. Though terminal value tries to predict an unpredictable future, it does so using the most current and up-to-date information.

Because of this, as trends and information change, you can always recalculate using more recent information to project what the future of a business or investment might be. This provides the opportunity to estimate what effects current trends might have on a business or investment and adjust your plans accordingly. When calculating your terminal value, consider the following drawbacks:. Considering the implied multiple from our perpetuity approach calculation based on a 2.

The exit multiple used was 8. We're sending the requested files to your email now. If you don't receive the email, be sure to check your spam folder before requesting the files again. Get instant access to video lessons taught by experienced investment bankers.

Login Self-Study Courses. Financial Modeling Packages. Industry-Specific Modeling. Real Estate. Finance Interview Prep. Corporate Training. Technical Skills. View all Recent Articles. Learn Online Now. What is the Terminal Value? We have included this in our model, albeit presented as a percentage change in value from the base case rather than as alternative absolute values that is perhaps more common.

You can download our terminal value model using the link below. This contains 5 alternative approaches to calculating a terminal value, including one based on comparable companies, which we will address in a separate article. I agree to your privacy policy and to receive email notification of future articles.

You can unsubscribe any time. All three variables in the constant cash flow growth terminal value calculation are challenging to estimate and forecast. However, in this article, we focus on the cash flow component and, in particular, the implicit reinvestment assumption. Enterprise free cash flow can be expressed as the post-tax operating profit NOPAT less the additional investment in net operating assets in the period capital expenditure in excess of depreciation plus any increase in net working capital and other net operating assets.

The reinvestment component of free cash flow is itself linked to return on capital, specifically the incremental return on capital. The incremental return on capital is the increase in NOPAT in a specified period divided by the related increase in net operating assets.

Incremental returns in any one period can be very volatile as they are affected by profit changes unrelated to the increase in net operating assets. However, incremental returns are particularly relevant where long-term steady state assumptions are used, such as in DCF terminal values. Check your model inputs by calculating the implied incremental return on capital. In our model above we show the implicit incremental return for each of the explicit forecast periods and the implied terminal steady state incremental return based on the input long-term growth assumption, including for the differing growth rates used in the sensitivity table.

The reason why the implied incremental return is high in the explicit period based on the data in the model when first loaded is that we have assumed reasonably high growth in profit, which likely comes from sources other than investment, such as margin improvements.

Based on the terminal growth assumption, the incremental return seems to be more realistic and potentially sustainable in the long-term It is important to check whether implied incremental ROIC, particularly that implied by terminal value assumptions, is sustainable. You will notice that in the sensitivity table the implied incremental return varies significantly depending on assumed long-term growth.

We think this results in a valuation that is more sensitive to different terminal growth assumptions than is realistic. The solution to this is to make the long-term incremental return a model input. The problem with the typical DCF model we discuss above is that the level of net new investment in the terminal period is not linked to the assumed long-term growth. In our view reinvestment, at least in part, drives growth. When the growth rate input in the model is changed the amount of investment does not change other than the effect of the year 6 growth rate such that the implied return on capital varies.

This is likely to be unrealistic and invalidate the sensitivity analysis. One approach to ensuring that the net new investment in the terminal period is realistic, and consistent with the rate of growth, is to independently derive that investment and not assume that the net new investment component of the year 5 cash flow simply grows at the long-term profit growth rate.

The reinvestment rate is the net new investment divided by NOPAT and the incremental return on invested capital is the additional profit i. Terminal value is an attempt to anticipate a company's future value and apply it to present prices through discounting.

There are several terminal value formulas. Like discounted cash flow DCF analysis, most terminal value formulas project future cash flows to return the present value of a future asset.

The liquidation value model or exit method requires figuring the asset's earning power with an appropriate discount rate, then adjusting for the estimated value of outstanding debt.

The stable perpetuity growth model does not assume the company will be liquidated after the terminal year. Instead, it assumes that cash flows are reinvested and that the firm can grow at a constant rate into perpetuity.

The multiples approach uses the approximate sales revenues of a company during the last year of a discounted cash flow model, then uses a multiple of that figure to arrive at the terminal value without further discounting applied. In DCF analysis, neither the perpetuity growth model nor the exit multiple approach is likely to render a perfectly accurate estimate of terminal value.

The choice of which method of calculating terminal value to use depends partly on whether an investor wishes to obtain a relatively more optimistic estimate or a relatively more conservative estimate. Generally speaking, using the perpetuity growth model to estimate terminal value renders a higher value.

Investors can benefit from using both terminal value calculations and then using an average of the two values arrived at for a final estimate of NPV. A negative terminal value would be estimated if the cost of future capital exceeded the assumed growth rate. In practice, however, negative terminal valuations cannot exist for very long.

A company's equity value can only realistically fall to zero at a minimum, and any remaining liabilities would be sorted out in a bankruptcy proceeding. Whenever an investor comes across a firm with negative net earnings relative to its cost of capital, it's probably best to rely on other fundamental tools outside of terminal valuation. Tools for Fundamental Analysis. Fundamental Analysis. Financial Analysis. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data.

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Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Radiation Emergencies. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Radioisotope Brief: Strontium Minus Related Pages. Half-life : Where does it come from? Principal uses of strontium compounds are in pyrotechnics, for the brilliant reds in fireworks and warning flares and in greases. A little is used as a getter in vacuum tubes to remove the last traces of air.

Most strontium is used as the carbonate in special glass for television screens and visual display units. Although strontium is a dangerously radioactive isotope, it is a useful by-product of nuclear reactors from whose spent fuel is extracted. Its high-energy radiation can be used to generate an electric current, and for this reason it can be used in space vehicles, remote weather stations and navigation buoys. Strontium is commonly occurs in nature, formung about 0. Celestite occurs frequently in sedimentary deposits of sufficient size, thus the development of mining facilities attractive.

World production of strontium ores is about Foods containing strontium range from very low e. Strontium compounds that are water-insoluble can become water-soluble, as a result of chemical reactions. The water-soluble compounds are a greater threat to human health than the water-insoluble ones.

Therefore, water-soluble forms of strontium have the opportunity to pollute drinking water. Fortunately the concentrations in drinking water are usually quite low.

People can be exposed to small levels of radioactive strontium by breathing air or dust, eating food, drinking water, or by contact with soil that contains strontium. We are most likely to come in contact with strontium by eating or drinking. Strontium concentrations in food contribute to the strontium concentrations in the human body.

Foodstuffs that contain significantly high concentrations of strontium are grains, leafy vegetables and dairy products. For most people, strontium uptake will be moderate. Rather, strontium is usually found in nature in the form of minerals. Strontium can form a variety of compounds. Strontium compounds do not have any particular smell. There are two types of strontium compounds, those that dissolve in water and those that do not. Natural strontium is not radioactive and exists in four stable types or isotopes , each of which can be written as 84 Sr, 86 Sr, 87 Sr, and 88 Sr, and read as strontium eighty-four, strontium eighty-six, etc.

All four isotopes behave the same chemically, so any combination of the four would have the same chemical effect on your body. Rocks, soil, dust, coal, oil, surface and underground water, air, plants, and animals all contain varying amounts of strontium. Typical concentrations in most materials are a few parts per million ppm.

After the strontium is extracted from strontium ore, it is concentrated into strontium carbonate or other chemical forms by a series of chemical processes. Strontium compounds, such as strontium carbonate, are used in making ceramics and glass products, pyrotechnics, paint pigments, fluorescent lights, medicines, and other products. Strontium can also exist as radioactive isotopes. Each radioactive element, including strontium, constantly gives off radiation, and this process changes it into an isotope of another element or a different isotope of the same element.

This process is called radioactive decay. The radioactive half-life is the time that it takes for half of a radioactive strontium isotope to give off its radiation and change into a different element. The radioactive isotope 89 Sr is used as a cancer therapeutic to alleviate bone pain. Quantities of radioactive strontium, as well as other radioactive elements, are measured in units of mass grams or radioactivity curies or becquerels.

Both the curie Ci and the becquerel Bq tell us how much a radioactive material decays every second. The becquerel is a new international unit known as the SI unit, and the curie is an older unit; both are used currently.

A becquerel is the amount of radioactive material in which 1 atom transforms every second. One curie is the amount of radioactive material in which 37 billion atoms transform every second; this is approximately the radioactivity of 1 gram of radium. Stable and radioactive strontium compounds in the air are present as dust. Emissions from burning coal and oil increase stable strontium levels in air. The average amount of strontium that has been measured in air from different parts of the United States is 20 nanograms per cubic meter a nanogram is a trillion times smaller than a gram.

Most of the strontium in air is in the form of stable strontium. Very small dust particles of stable and radioactive strontium in the air fall out of the air onto surface water, plant surfaces, and soil either by themselves or when rain or snow falls. These particles of strontium eventually end up back in the soil or in the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and ponds, where they stay and mix with stable and radioactive strontium that is already there.

In water, most forms of stable and radioactive strontium are dissolved. Stable strontium that is dissolved in water comes from strontium in rocks and soil that water runs over and through. Only a very small part of the strontium found in water is from the settling of strontium dust out of the air.

Some strontium is suspended in water. Some 90 Sr is suspended in water. In general, the amount of 90 Sr that has been measured in drinking water in different parts of the United States by EPA is less than one tenth of a picocurie for every liter of water 0. Strontium is found naturally in soil in amounts that vary over a wide range, but the typical concentration is 0.

The disposal of coal ash, incinerator ash, and industrial wastes may increase the concentration of strontium in soil. Generally, the amount of 90 Sr in soil is very small and is only a fraction of the total concentration of strontium in soil.

Higher concentrations of 90 Sr in soil may be found near hazardous waste sites, radioactive waste sites, and Department of Energy facilities located around the United States.

A major portion of stable and radioactive strontium in soil dissolves in water, so it is likely to move deeper into the ground and enter groundwater. However, strontium compounds may stay in the soil for years without moving downward into groundwater.

In the environment, chemical reactions can change the water-soluble stable and radioactive strontium compounds into insoluble forms. In some cases, water-insoluble strontium compounds can change to soluble forms. Strontium is found nearly everywhere in small amounts, and you can be exposed to low levels of strontium by breathing air, eating food, drinking water, or accidentally eating soil or dust that contains strontium.

Food and drinking water are the largest sources of exposure to strontium. Because of the nature of strontium, some of it gets into fish, vegetables, and livestock. Grain, leafy vegetables, and dairy products contribute the greatest percentage of dietary strontium to humans. The concentration of strontium in leafy vegetables, such as cabbage, grown in the United States is less than 64 mg in a kg of the fresh vegetables i.

For most people, the intake of strontium will be moderate. You can be exposed to low levels of 90 Sr by eating food, drinking water, or accidentally eating soil or dust that contains 90 Sr. Food and drinking water are the largest sources of exposure to 90 Sr.

Because of the nature of 90 Sr, some of it gets into fish, vegetables, and livestock. Grain, leafy vegetables, and dairy products contribute the greatest percentage of dietary 90 Sr to humans. Most strontium is formed when the element rubidium decays. Each area on the planet has its own unique ratio of strontium ions depending on the local geology, according to Curiosity. These strontium ions enter our food and water supply and end up in our bodies.

Since strontium ions are chemically similar to calcium and therefore bind tightly to calcium sensing receptors, strontium can be accidentally incorporated into teeth, bones and seashells in place of calcium. Scientists measure the levels of strontium isotopes Sr and Sr in ancient teeth, bones or seashells, and then they compare the ratio of these two isotopes — either to one another or to another element, such as calcium or zinc — to determine a specimen's place of origin, diet or age.

In one particular case study, anthropologists discovered a 1,year-old mass grave in the ancient Native American settlement of Cahokia near modern-day St. The grave held the remains of 39 people, whose bones revealed signs of a violent end. For a long time, scientists thought these people were foreigners who had been killed as war captives or intruders. But after conducting recent strontium tests on the victims' teeth, the scientists found that most of the people had been born and raised in Cahokia.

Studying strontium isotope levels in bone has also allowed scientists to better understand our ancestors' diets, knowing that plants tend to be higher in natural strontium than meat. In , for example, Austrian researchers compared strontium and zinc levels to support the hypothesis that Roman gladiators were vegetarians who ate mainly barley, beans and dried fruits, according to RSC.

Strontium testing occurs in the ocean as well. For every 1, calcium atoms, seashells contain only a few strontium atoms, according to Sea Change Science. Research has shown that the relative levels of seawater Sr and Sr has changed over time. Over the last 40 million years, ocean levels of strontium have steadily increased.

Austin is transforming into a high-tech center and a global economic magnet; with so many new businesses and people comes the inevitable threat of sprawl, and the danger of seeing the unique character of Austin and its surrounding Hill Country either knocked down or paved over.

That is why the comprehensive planning process now underway is so important. It provides a tremendous tool for exploring promising ideas, such as a stronger focus on infill development and mass transit. It brings the right people together to stake out a vision that preserves Austin's historical character but recognizes the needs of a growing 21st century city. Austin's unique Hill Country heritage will serve as a catalyst for many discussions this week, as this year's conference theme —" Next American City.

Next American Landscape" — focuses on the relationship between urban areas and the open spaces around them. With more than 60 years' experience as the nation's foremost preservation organization, the National Trust has found that local preservation laws are the strongest form of legal protection for historic sites and landmarks. That is part of the reason local preservationists fought so hard to retain Austin's tax abatement program for locally landmarked properties.

While the debate on this issue dwelled on upper-income homeowners taking advantage of the program, the fact is that the city's tax abatement program has benefited a wide range of properties, including modest homes, coffee shops and even the entertainment venues along 6th Street located in historic buildings. Simon's Lighthouse in Georgia. A light station was first established on St. Simon's Island in The current lighthouse dates from Did you know that the NPS. The NPS manages units of the national park system.

Sadly, though, most times we lose these treasures not by fire, flood, or willful destruction but by simple neglect. Most people believe that library was either sacked by invaders or destroyed by religious zealots.

The reality is far more tragic. The greatest repository of knowledge in the ancient world most likely just rotted away, a victim of neglect and indifference, whose remnants were picked apart stone by stone, parchment by parchment. So complete that, today, we don't even know where the building itself once stood.

More than 4. History comes alive when someone is able to not only read about the past, but is also able to visit the places, examine the artifacts, appreciate the images, and study the actual words. For most people, history starts with simply learning about their family or their community. Why is it important to preserve our historical monuments?

Should we preserve past historical buildings? How can we protect our historical monuments? What is the List of World Heritage in Danger? How can world heritage sites which are in danger be preserved according to you? What are the benefits of preserving national heritage? What is the purpose of heritage tourism? How can we protect our environment from tourism?

Does tourism destroy the environment? How can we prevent negative impact of tourism? What are the negative effects of tourism on the economy? What is the negative effect of tourism? What are the positive and negative effects of tourism on culture? What are the positive and negative impacts of tourism and hospitality of environment? Why do we need to preserve historical landmark like Intramuros?

Why is it important to protect old building?